"제1장 작전의 기초" 2/6 멀티 도메인 작전: MULTIDOMAIN OPERATIONS

멀티 도메인 작전:  MULTIDOMAIN OPERATIONS

1-9. 멀티 도메인 작전 ( Multi domain operations ) 이란 합동군 지휘관에게 상대적인 우위를 만들어 이를 이용하여 목표를 달성하고 적부대를 격퇴하고 확보한다. 전과를 확대(consolidate gains)하기 위해 육군과 합동군의 능력을 활용하는 것이다. 멀티도메인 작전은 육군의 합동전역(Joint campaigns)에 기여하며 경쟁의 연속체(Competition continuum)에 걸친 것이다. 무력 분쟁의 문턱치 이하에서 멀티 도메인 작전은 육군이 우위를 획득해 분쟁에 대한 즉응성을 나타내고 적대자를 억제하는 동시에 동맹국이나 파트너를 안심시키는 방법이다.
 분쟁시 육군이 적에게 접근해 격파하고 적의 대형을 무너뜨리고 중요한 지형(Critical terrain)을 확보하고 주민과 자원을 지배하고 지속 가능한 정치적 성과를 꼽는 방법이다.

1-10. 육군부대는 대부분 대규모 연합작전의 일부로 발생하는 합동전역을 지원하기 위한 작전을 한다. 리더는 자군의 부대와 타국이 제공하는 부대나 능력의 상호 의존관계를 이해하고, 합동 전력의 접근법에 의한 보완·보강 효과를 만들어야 한다. 육군은 합동 및 다른 통일 행동 파트너의 능력을 이용 가능한 범위 내에서 이용한다. 그러나 적대자는 모든 도메인에서 부대에 대항할 수 있기 때문에 육군은 임무 달성을 지원하기 위해 일부 또는 모든 합동 능력을 이용할 수 없는 경우 작전을 실시할 준비를 하여야 한다.

1-11. 모든 작전은 멀티 도메인 작전이다. 육군은 여러 도메인에서 유기적인 능력을 발휘해 항공·해상 전략 수송, 우주·사이버 능력(전 지구 측위, 위성 통신, 정보·감시·정찰(ISR) ) 등 자신이 통제 할 수없는 능력)에서 지속적으로 이익을 얻고 있다. 예하부대 제대는 주로 다른 도메인에서 작전하는 상위 부대 제대나 다른 부대가 만들어낼 기회를 반드시 알아차리지 않을지도 모른다. 그러나 리더는 그 기회의 부족이 작전 개념, 의사 결정, 위험 평가에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 이해해야 한다.

1-12. 작전 중 작은 우위가 작전 결과에 큰 영향을 줄 수 있으며, 특히 시간이 지남에 축적된 경우에는 그렇다.  모든 도메인에서 적대자나 적에 상대적인 위치나 상태를 가리키고 목표를 향해 전진하거나 달성할 수 있는 기회를 제공하는 것이다. 상대적 우위를 추구하고 창조하고 기회를 확장하는 방법을 식별하기 위해 상황을 지속적으로 평가한다

1-13. 육군의 리더는 전통적으로 육·공·해의 각 도메인의 능력에 초점을 맞춘 종합적인 부대 접근법에 의해 상대적인 우위를 만들어 활용하는 데 익숙하다. 공중 능력의 보급은 그 능력이 작전 환경에 초래하는 우위성을 이해하는 리더를 더욱 필요로 한다. 을 확대하는 것이다.

1-14. 다중 도메인 전략은 위협의 상호 의존적 시스템과 대형을 파괴, 전위, 분리 및 붕괴시킴으로써 위협 전략 접근 방식의 일관성을 파괴하고 이러한 혼란으로 이어지는 기회를 활용하여 적 부대를 각개격파한다. 따라서 육군은 위협의 특성, 능력, 목표, 행동 방침을 이해하기 위해 적시, 정확, 적절하고 예측 가능한 정보를 필요로 한다. 추구 여부는 먼저 정보에 의해 결정된다. 격파하기 위해 기동과 표적처리를 조합한다. 육군은 근접 작전으로 적의 대형에 접근해 파괴하기 위해 기동력을 발휘한다. 화력 및 기타 중요한 능력의 우선 순위를 설정하여 기동의 자유를 가능하게 하는 우위를 만들어 내고 기동에 의해 만들어지는 위치적 우위를 이용하기 위해 표적처리 프로세스를 실행한다. 지키기 위해 필요한 통합 능력을 일체화하기 위한 중요한 수단이다.


원문

MULTIDOMAIN OPERATIONS

1- 9. Multidomain operations are the combined arms employment of joint and Army capabilities to create and exploit relative advantages that achieve objectives, defeat enemy forces, and consolidate gains on behalf of joint force commanders. Employing Army and joint capabilities makes use of all available combat power from each domain to accomplish missions at least cost. Multidomain operations are the Army’s contribution to joint campaigns, spanning the competition continuum. Below the threshold of armed conflict, multidomain operations are how Army forces accrue advantages and demonstrate readiness for conflict, deterring adversaries while assuring allies and partners. During conflict, they are how Army forces close with and destroy the enemy, defeat enemy formations, seize critical terrain, and control populations and resources to deliver sustainable political outcomes.

1- 10. Army forces conduct operations in support of joint campaigns which for the most part occur as part of a larger coalition operation. Leaders must understand the interdependencies between their own assigned forces and the forces or capabilities provided by others to generate the complementary and reinforcing effects of combined arms approaches. Army forces employ joint and other unified action partner capabilities to the degree they are available. However, because peer threats can contest the force in all domains, Army forces must be prepared to conduct operations when some or all joint capabilities are unavailable to support mission accomplishment.

1- 11. All operations are multidomain operations. Army forces employ organic capabilities in multiple domains, and they continuously benefit from air and maritime strategic transportation and space and cyberspace capabilities that they do not control, including global positioning, satellite communications, and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR). Lower echelons may not always notice the opportunities created by higher echelons or other forces that operate primarily in other domains; however, leaders must understand how the absence of those opportunities affects their concepts of operations, decision making, and risk assessment.
Army forces must accurately see themselves, see the enemy or adversary, and understand their operational environment before they can identify or exploit relative advantages.

1- 12. During operations, small advantages can have significant impacts on the outcome of the mission, particularly when they accrue over time. Creating and exploiting relative advantages are therefore necessary for all operations, and they become even more critical when opposing sides are evenly matched. A relative advantage is a location or condition, in any domain, relative to an adversary or enemy that provides an opportunity to progress towards or achieve an objective. Commanders seek and create relative advantages to exploit through action, and they continually assess the situation to identify ways to expand opportunities. (See paragraphs 1-106 through 1-117 for more information on physical, information, and human advantages.)
Some combination of maneuver and attrition is typically necessary to achieve victory during armed conflict. This is reflected in the defeat mechanisms which encompass both ideas.

1-13. Army leaders are accustomed to creating and exploiting relative advantages through the combined-arms approach that traditionally focuses on capabilities from the land, air, and maritime domains. The proliferation of space and cyberspace capabilities further requires leaders who understand the advantages those capabilities create in their operational environment. The ability to integrate and synchronize space and cyberspace capabilities at the most effective tactical echelon expands options for creating advantages to exploit.

1- 14. Multidomain operations fracture the coherence of threat operational approaches by destroying, dislocating, isolating, and disintegrating their interdependent systems and formations, and exploiting the opportunities these disruptions provide to defeat enemy forces in detail. Army forces therefore require timely, accurate, relevant, and predictive intelligence to understand threat characteristics, capabilities, objectives, and courses of action. Intelligence initially drives what combinations of defeat mechanisms commanders pursue as they employ the capabilities of their forces in space and time against enemy forces. Army forces combine maneuver and targeting methods to defeat enemy formations and systems. Army forces employ maneuver to close with and destroy enemy formations in close operations. Targeting generally sets priorities for information collection, fires, and other key capabilities to disintegrate enemy networks and systems. Leaders execute the targeting process to create advantages that enable freedom of maneuver and exploit the positional advantages created by maneuver. Targeting is a key way for leaders to integrate the joint capabilities required to create depth in the battlefield and protect friendly formations.