"제1장 작전의 기초" 1/6 미 육군 작전: ARMY OPERATIONS

미 육군 작전: ARMY OPERATIONS

1-1. 육군의 주요 임무는 적 지상군을 격파하고 지상 지역을 탈취, 점령, 방어하기 위해 신속하고 지속적인 지상 전투를 실시하는 부대를 편성, 훈련, 장비하는 것이다. 합동 부대는 4개의 전략적 역할을 지원한다. 육군은 작전환경을 형성하고 위기시 지상 침략에 대항하고 대규모 지상작전에서 승리를 거두고 획득한 전과를 확대 한다.  육군은 분쟁 밖의 적대자에 대한 통합적 억제와 분쟁 또는 전쟁 중의 적의 격퇴를 가능하게 하는 합동 전역(Joint campaigns)에 대한 부대를 제공함으로써 전략적 역할을 수행한다. 전략적 역할은 육군이 합동군 지휘관 (JFC)을 대신하여 안정적인 환경 및 기타 정책 목표를 추구하고 , 멀티도메인  작전 실시 전반적인 목표를 명확히 하는 것이 필요하다. campaigns 및 억제력에 대한 자세한 내용은 JP 3-0을 참조하십시오. 육군의 전략적 역할에 대한 자세한 내용은 ADP 3-0을 참조하십시오.

1-2. 육상에서 군사 작전은 타 도메인에서의 작전의 기초가 되기 때문이다. 특정 도메인이 특정 상황 하에서 군사적 고려를 지배하는 것은 있어도, 분쟁은 통상,지상에서 해결된다. 왜냐하면 사람들이 생활하고, 정치적 결정을 내리는 장소이며, 국력의 기초가 존재하는 장소이기 때문이다.

1-3. 육군은 작전 실시를 통해 목표를 달성한다. 작전이란, 공통의 목적 또는 통일적인 테마를 가지는 일련의 전술적 행동이다(JP1 제1권). 작전은 다양한 형태로 변화한다. 작전은 도시, 지하, 사막, 정글, 산악, 해상, 북극 등 모든 종류의 물리적 환경에서 이루어진다. 작전은 개입하는 부대의 규모와 기간도 다양하다. 작전은 작전 환경의 물리, 첩보, 인적차원에서 요소를 변화시킨다.

1-4. 작전이 이루어지는 복잡한 환경에서는 작전의 과학과 예술을 모두 이해하는 리더가 요구된다. 행사하고 의사결정을 하고 리스크를 져야 한다. 물리적 불리를 극복하고 종종 작전 결과를 결정할 수 있습니다 (작전의 술과 학에 대한 자세한 내용은 ADP 3-0 참조)

1-5. 육군은 대규모 전투작전, 한정적 우발사태작전, 위기대응, 안전보장협력 지원 등 폭넓은 작전구분으로 다양한 과제에 대응하여 국가목표에 공헌하고 있다. 스펙트럼 묘사는 1-2 페이지의 그림 1-1 참조).

그림 1-1. 작전 카테고리와 폭력의 스펙트럼

1-6. 대부분의 작전은 폭력의 스펙트럼 하한에서 발생하며 그 목표도 중요한 국익이나 국가의 존속 수준에 도달하지 않는다. 상황을 촉진 작전환경을 형성한다. 이러한 작전은 지속적인 존재에 의해 가장 잘 지원되는 목표를 비교적 낮은 비용으로 달성하기 위해 합동군 지휘관(JFC)에 중요하다.

1-7. 육군이 실시하는 작전의 압도적 다수는 무력분쟁의 역치 이하이거나 제한적인 유사시에 발생하지만, 육군의 즉응성의 초점은 대규모 전투작전에 놓여 있다. 힘이 약한 방법이 효과적이지 않거나 사활적인 국익이나 국가의 존속이 위험할 경우에 보다 큰 레벨의 무력을 이용 이를 위해 육군부대는 가장 가혹하고 위험한 유형의 작전에 대비할 필요가 있다. 능력, 능력 용량, 의지를 보여줌으로써 재래식억제에 공헌한다. 신뢰할 수 있는 전투부대는 국력의 다른 수단을 보다 강력하게 하고, 다른 종류의 작전 중에 적이 폭력을 에스컬레이션하는 것을 억제하는데 도움이 된다.

1-8. 신뢰할 수 있는 전투부대란, 특정 지역의 상황하에서, 적의 위협이 낳는 우위성을 극복할 수 있는 것이다.적은 통상, 그 성공에 최적인 조건하에서 침략을 개시하기 때문에, 미군은 불리한 상황에서 대응할 필요가 있다. 그런데 작전하는 적 부대에게 유리해진다. 적국은 보통 수십 년에 걸친 선전과 자유로운 정보의 흐름으로부터 격리에 의해 길러지고 어느 정도의 대중의 지지를 얻고 있다. 전의가 높아져 현지 주민이 미군과 목표에 대해 적대적으로 될 가능성이 있다. 전구군은 전역을 설정하고 경쟁하는 시기에 무력분쟁을 준비함으로써 다양한 우위를 얻을 수 있지만, 육군은 보통 적대행위의 개시 및 무력분쟁의 수행중 극복해야 하는 과제에 직면하게 된다.


원문

ARMY OPERATIONS

1-1. The Army’s primary mission is to organize, train, and equip its forces to conduct prompt and sustained land combat to defeat enemy ground forces and seize, occupy, and defend land areas. It supports four strategic roles for the joint force. Army forces shape operational environments, counter aggression on land during crisis, prevail during large-scale ground combat, and consolidate gains. The Army fulfills its strategic roles by providing forces for joint campaigns that enable integrated deterrence of adversaries outside of conflict and the defeat of enemies during conflict or war. The strategic roles clarify the overall purposes for which Army forces conduct multidomain operations on behalf of joint force commanders (JFCs) in the pursuit of a stable environment and other policy objectives. Fulfilling policy objectives requires national-level leaders to orchestrate all instruments of national power throughout the entire government and coalition, in a manner commensurate with national will. (See JP 3-0 for more information on joint campaigns and deterrence. See ADP 3-0 for more information on the Army’s strategic roles.)

1-2. Military operations on land are foundational to operations in other domains because almost all capabilities, no matter where employed, are ultimately based on or controlled from land. While any particular domain may dominate military considerations in a specific context, conflicts are usually resolved on land because that is where people live and make political decisions and where the basis of national power exists.

1-3. Army forces achieve objectives through the conduct of operations. An operation is a sequence of tactical actions with a common purpose or unifying theme (JP 1, Volume 1). Operations vary in many ways. They occur in all kinds of physical environments, including urban, subterranean, desert, jungle, mountain, maritime, and arctic. Operations vary in scale of forces involved and duration. Operations change factors in the physical, information, and human dimensions of an operational environment.

1-4. The complex environment in which operations occur demands leaders who understand both the science and art of operations. Understanding the science of operations—such as combat power ratios, weapons ranges, and movement tables—helps leaders improve synchronization and reduce risk. However, there is no way to eliminate uncertainty, and leaders must exercise operational art to make decisions and assume risk. Intangible factors, such as the impact of leadership on morale, using shock effect to defeat enemy forces, and supportive populations are fundamentally human factors that can overcome physical disadvantages and often decide the outcomes of an operation. (See ADP 3-0 for more information on the art and science of operations.)

1-5. Army forces meet a diverse array of challenges and contribute to national objectives across a wide range of operational categories, including large-scale combat operations, limited contingency operations, crisis response, and support to security cooperation. (See figure 1-1 on page 1-2 for a depiction of operational categories and the spectrum of violence.)

Figure 1-1. Operational categories and the spectrum of violence

1-6. Most operations occur on the lower end of the spectrum of violence, and their objectives do not reach the level of vital national interests or national survival. These operations typically shape operational environments in ways that stabilize global security and facilitate conditions that are generally favorable to the United States. They provide valuable options to JFCs because they achieve objectives best supported by persistent presence, often at relatively low cost.


1-7. While the overwhelming majority of operations conducted by Army forces occur either below the threshold of armed conflict or during limited contingencies, the focus of Army readiness is on large-scale combat operations. The United States always retains the option to employ greater levels of force when less coercive methods are ineffective, and when a vital interest or national survival is at stake. This requires Army forces to be prepared for the most demanding and dangerous types of operations. Army forces contribute to conventional deterrence through their demonstrated capability, capacity, and will to wage war on land in any environment against any opponent. Credible combat forces make the other instruments of national power more potent, and they help deter the enemy’s escalation of violence during other types of operations.

1- 8. Credible combat forces are those able to overcome the advantages peer threats generate within a specific regional context. Enemies typically initiate their aggression under conditions optimal for their success, requiring U.S. forces to respond at a disadvantage. U.S. combat operations typically involve force projection over long distances, providing advantages for enemy forces operating closer to their bases of support. Enemies typically have a degree of popular support cultivated through decades of propaganda and isolation from the free flow of information. This increases the enemy's will to fight and can make local populations hostile to U.S. forces and objectives. Although a combatant command and theater army may accrue a variety of advantages as they set the theater and prepare for armed conflict during periods of competition, Army forces are typically faced with challenges they have to overcome at the onset of hostilities and throughout the conduct or armed conflict.